Physician Practices

Possible Delay of the Affordable Care Act’s Individual Mandate

March 12, 2014 | Little Health Law

House Republicans gained the support of 27 Democrats and passed The Suspending the Individual Mandate Penalty Law Equals Simple (SIMPLE) Fairness Act (H.R. 4118), a bill that would delay for one year the Affordable Care Act (ACA) individual mandate penalty tax for those failing to buy health insurance before the deadline this month. As reported recently in the Washington Post, while destined to fail in the Democratic-controlled Senate, this Bill nonetheless underscores mounting pressure upon the Administration and Democrats in an election year, as the troubled healthcare law struggles to get traction in its implementation and with voters. Republicans want mileage in November from increasing public confusion and disenchantment about the ACA. They seize upon much publicized trouble spots of ACA implementation, such as the disastrous rollout of the website, cancelled policies, patients unable to stay with the doctor they prefer, and higher insurance premiums.

Insurers and proponents of the ACA view the individual mandate as critical to the financial mechanics of the health insurance reform intended by the ACA, namely expansion of insurance coverage to most Americans irrespective of health conditions and without lifetime or annual caps on benefits. With the new law’s imposition upon insurers of a requirement that they insure all Americans — even the most high-cost patients — it is important that the young and healthy, whether they need insurance or not, pay insurance premiums to help fund the insurers’ cost of paying for the health care of unhealthy Americans. Hence the law’s controversial individual mandate that everyone obtain coverage and pay insurance premiums or, alternatively, pay a penalty tax based on household income. The penalty is to begin this year, phased in at 1 percent of taxable income, then 2 percent in 2015, and 2.5 percent in 2016.
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Navigating Troubled Waters: Five Tips for Physician Practice Breakups and Departures

February 24, 2014 | Little Health Law

Medical practice breakups and physician departures are inevitable. Some are the result of professional or personal disputes, and others are simply the result of practical or economic realities or life events (disability, death, retirement, etc.). Whatever the circumstances, failing to carefully execute a plan for the breakup can quickly result in financial, legal, and emotional complications. All physicians and physician practices should anticipate the inevitable conclusion of any professional relationship.

1. Have a Good Contract

When a business relationship fails or otherwise ends, not having a properly done contract that fairly, accurately and precisely sets forth the parties’ respective rights and obligations will be a painful mistake, financially and otherwise. At the beginning of the marriage (or at least during the period that it is happy), the parties should carefully and thoughtfully construct a written agreement that states their meeting of the minds. That contract should also specifically set forth in reasonable detail a road map for the parties to separate when it is time for the relationship to conclude.

2. Carefully Document the Termination of the Relationship

Whether or not the practice had proper preparation before a breakup or departure, both parties should carefully document the final resolution in writing. This is especially the case if the resulting departures necessitate any post-employment obligations such as unfinished payments, restrictive covenants, confidentiality agreements, etc. Important practice contracts and documents should be marshalled and carefully reviewed to determine what the parties’ respective rights and obligations will be in concluding the relationship, including:
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Medical Practice Compliance 101

February 18, 2014 | Little Health Law

Patients tend to see physicians only as providers of care — meeting their medical needs. The reality is that a physician’s efforts to stay compliant with regulations and laws may consume as much or more time than actually rendering care. With consequences for regulatory violations ranging from financial to criminal, compliance is a subject of the utmost importance for any physician practice.

The best way to avoid penalties is to have a serious compliance program in place to prevent, detect, and respond to any possible violation. With regulations always changing on both a federal and state level, especially now with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), having a compliance program in place is critical. The benefits of creating an effective compliance program range from better sleep, higher ethical standards, satisfying government auditors and regulators’ requirements, and ensuring that business operations align with proper legal protocol. Given all the possible problems that may derive from doing otherwise, the absence of a strong compliance program invites problems.

To create an effective compliance program, physicians must first understand that there is no one-size-fits-all model. Compliance programs must be adaptable to each practice’s unique structure, services, and personnel. An experienced consultant and/or healthcare attorney should be considered to help set up or review the program and minimize particular risks applicable to your specific type of practice. You must also keep in mind that an effective compliance program will require time and resources to set it up properly and to modify it as needed to adapt to changes in our regulatory environment.
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An Ounce of Prevention: Identify and Mitigate HIPAA Compliance Issues to Avoid Costly HIPAA Penalties

December 31, 2013 | Little Health Law

An unencrypted thumb drive cost a dermatology practice $150,000. On December 26, 2013, the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) announced a settlement with Adult & Pediatric Dermatology, P.C. of Concord, Massachusetts (APD) of alleged violations of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). APD, a “covered entity” for HIPAA purposes, has offices in Concord, Westford, Marlborough, and Ayer, Massachusetts, and Wolfeboro, New Hampshire.

The thumb drive contained unsecured electronic protected health information (ePHI) relating to the performance of Mohs surgery for about 2,200 patients. The thumb drive was stolen from the vehicle of one of APD’s employees. APD informed its patients of the theft of the thumb drive and provided a media notice.

HHS investigated and determined that APD did not timely conduct an accurate and thorough analysis of the risks associated with potential exposure of the ePHI. HHS also determined that APD did not fully comply with the administrative requirements of HIPAA’s breach notification requirements to have written policies and procedures and train employees regarding breach notification requirements. HHS also determined that APD disclosed ePHI in violation of HIPAA by the access gained to it when APD did not reasonable safeguard an unencrypted thumb drive.

HHS fined APD $150,000 and required APD’s execution of a Corrective Action Plan. The Corrective Action Plan requires APD to develop a comprehensive risk analysis and risk management plan to ensure future compliance with HIPAA and to periodically report to HHS the status of APD’s implementation of the plan. HHS released its right to take further action against APD, conditioned upon full compliance by APD with the Corrective Action Plan. See HHS Resolution Agreement.
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The Affordable Care Act Will Enhance Direct Practice Medicine Opportunities

December 28, 2013 | Little Health Law

The Affordable Care Act (ACA), widely known as “Obamacare,” will create new opportunities for primary care doctors (and some specialists) who weigh starting or converting to a direct primary care model. At first blush direct care medicine practices, also known as “concierge,” “boutique” and “retainer-based” practices, which charge patients a monthly or annual membership fee and tend to exclude (or limit) third party payer involvement (one of the strong points for pursuing the model), would seem limited as an opportunity by the ACA’s objective of getting everyone “insured.” But the opposite may prove to be the case. Actually, the ACA may drive a strong need for new concierge medicine doctors.

A New Era of High Deductibles

While a stated goal of the ACA is to decrease the number of uninsured Americans, a consequence of the ACA will likely be that many newly insured patients under plans obtained via the new insurance exchanges will soon realize that due to very high deductibles, much or all of the costs of treatment (i.e., all non-preventive care) incurred over the course of a year must be paid out of pocket by the insured. For a typical household in Richmond County, Georgia, for example, as of this writing there are 18 plans available via the exchanges: 7 “Bronze Plans,” 6 “Silver Plans,” 4 “Gold Plans,” and 1 “Platinum Plan.” For the Bronze Plans, the annual deductibles range from $4,000 to $6,300. It is widely expected that most people will seek to minimize their premiums and opt for one of the Bronze Plans, only two of which have annual deductibles of less than $5,000.

What will that mean? That will mean most doctor visits (excluding preventive care) will be paid out of pocket by the “insured” patients who presently may not realize what is in store for them by way of doctor bills. As the public becomes aware of how the ACA will actually work for them (i.e., even though they are “insured” they are writing checks for doctor bills), the appeal to consumers of concierge options will increase. As recently reported in the Wall Street Journal, “People with deductibles of $5,000 or more should think about how many times a year they typically see the doctor and for what, keeping in mind that annual checkups are free under the ACA. If doctor visits typically cost $150 and the patient has six appointments a year, a concierge practice offering the same services for $40 or $50 a month might be cheaper.” Pros and Cons of Concierge Medicine (November 1, 2013).
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Don’t Work for Free: Obtaining Timely Physician Reimbursement

November 28, 2013 | Little Health Law

Nobody likes to work for free. Physicians and other healthcare providers are frequently at risk of non-payment for valuable services to patients due to third-party payer mistakes and/or attempts to arbitrarily delay, reduce or avoid reimbursement. A common practice of payers is, for example, to deny reimbursement based on an allegation that the provider did not submit correct paperwork or alleged improper coding. Another tactic of third third-party payers is to simply adjust a payment downward because the payer concludes the physician is entitled to less reimbursement based on what was paid on a prior, “similar” claim. Reimbursement issues have led 49 states to enact laws to address such problems. Unfortunately, State laws only mildly abate the problem for healthcare providers.

Action that a healthcare provider can take to address payer abuse often depends largely on the State in which the provider is located. Some states allow physicians to take direct court action against a third-party payer with regard to reimbursement issues. Other States require providers to appeal to their insurance regulatory agencies to take action against a payer for any prompt pay issues, or similar exhaustion of administrative remedies. A regulatory agency may investigate and take action against a third-party payer. Provider options may also be affected by whether a State’s prompt pay laws are preempted by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), which provides its own remedies in some circumstances.

Steps physicians can take to protect reimbursement revenue and reduce the chance of disputes with payers include:

Read every word in your payer-physician contract: Pay close attention to the language used in the contract and the terms and conditions. Are the policies and procedures affecting payment clearly laid out? Does the language include a requirement for the payer to submit advance notice of any modifications to payment? Does the contract clearly define what is considered a “clean claim”?

Don’t procrastinate: In submitting claims, believe Murphy. Allow your practice more than enough time to submit a claim to a payer. You never know what delays, issues, or human errors could give a payer the opportunity to contend your claim was late or submitted incorrectly.

Breaking Up is Hard to Do: Dividing Medical Practice Assets

November 28, 2013 | Little Health Law

Ending a professional relationship is not easy for anyone. But the demise of a healthcare business relationship among doctors often involves more risks, greater headaches, and more issues to tackle than non-healthcare businesses. Dividing up medical business assets is, for example, much more complex and involved than simply drawing a line down the middle of the office. Federal laws and regulations affecting healthcare providers pose significant business risks and adverse legal ramifications where the division of assets is not done properly. If you and other physician owners are leaving a practice, it is critical to ensure any division of big ticket items — e.g., medical equipment leases, practice branding, and electronic health records – is done in a legally compliant manner.

Most often, medical equipment in physician practices is leased. The leased status creates potential complications if multiple owners want a particular item or if, on the other hand, no one wants the accompanying financial obligations. Whichever side of the coin your practice breakup falls on, medical practice owners should take into account the depreciating value of the equipment when determining the division of assets. Sometimes, outstanding liabilities or personal guarantees that equipment may be subject to are mistakenly overlooked in the process of dividing assets. The division process should begin with an experienced consultant who can aid in the necessary number crunch and ensure fair and balanced allocation of value and financial responsibilities that attend leased equipment assets.

While a practice’s name and brand may not be easy to value with precision, the inherent value should be weighed and factored into the division of assets. As with any business, the reputation of a brand or identity is a key to success. A medical practice’s good reputation carries critical patient confidence, which is a valuable asset for any practitioner. When physicians choose to work in the same field and geographic area, the division of such an asset is problematic and may raise difficult business and legal issues.
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Good Physician Recruitment Agreements

November 27, 2013 | Little Health Law

The amount of attention that physician recruitment receives from government eyes warrants recruitment agreements that are, ideally, airtight. So, what are key criteria for a physician recruitment agreement that is compliant and will work for both parties? There are many important elements of a good physician recruitment agreement, including the following.

First, it is vital to show that a community need exists for the doctor’s services. A specific need for the physician’s specialty area or an opportunity to lower costs and improve access to care in that community, demonstrated with proper evidence (such as statistical or demographic studies), can lend strong support a physician recruitment agreement. It is a good idea to hire a third party to analyze supply and demand for specialties in the local community. Additionally, the recruitment agreement itself should spell out the need and demonstrate that an objective of the agreement and relationship is to serve community interests.

A hospital can provide subsidies to the physician for working in the local area such as reduced rent, a traditional net income guaranty, and payment of malpractice insurance premiums. No matter what type of benefits the hospital provides, however, the physician should sign a promissory note that requires repayment of all subsidies from the hospital. Generally speaking, this repayment obligation can only be waived if the physician remains in the local area for a period of two to three years after the end of the guaranty period. The waiver is to ensure the community’s need for that physician is effectively met through the recruitment agreement.

Any guaranty payments made to a group that employs the physician rather than to the physician directly should be with caution in light of the STARK Law, to avoid perceived abuse. Any portion of the guaranty payment made to the physician’s group that is not returned to the recruited physician must be accounted for. The physician group can only retain portions of the payment that directly go to additional expense that attends addition of the new physician. No portion of the guaranty payment can be withheld to pay for existing overhead costs that the medical group already incurs. For example, the medical group employing the physician cannot charge its rent costs to the new physician when he or she did not cause any increase to the expense. Both the hospital and practice should keep careful records that show what formulas are used to calculate the payment amount in order to prevent the use of expenses for preexisting medical group expenses.

Any formulas used for calculating the payments to the physician should be very specific. Avoiding vague language in the agreement will reduce the likelihood of disputes. The agreement should specifically state the salary, what expenses are included in the guaranty, and whether the collections of the recruited physician will be reconciled monthly or quarterly. Taking proper care of these specifics will reduce the chance of disputes and unnecessary headaches in calculating payments.
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THE PHYSICIAN HIRE: EMPLOYEE OR INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR?

July 20, 2013 | Little Health Law

The trend for physicians to work for a hospital or hospital system continues. Once a physician finds a job opportunity, one of the first details the physician and the hiring entity may discuss is the nature of the relationship. Will the doctor be an employee or an independent contractor?

Often the hiring entity desires to avoid certain burdens that typically attend employment, such as malpractice liability, employment benefits (e.g. pension, health insurance), and payroll taxes. There are certain reasons the physician may perceive his best interests are served by independent contractor status as well, such as (perceived) tax advantages to having his own corporation or a greater sense of independence in practicing his trade.

The hiring entity and the physician should be mindful, however, that establishing an independent contractor relationship is not automatic from legal standpoint, their desire and their written agreement notwithstanding. In fact, most doctors hired cannot be properly classified as independent contractors. Whether the relationship is “employment” or “independent contractor” must be determined ad hoc according to the particular, details of the relationship.

What determines the issue?

In the Joint Committee on Taxation’s publication Present Law and Background Relating to Worker Classification for Federal Tax Purposes (JCX-26-07), May 7, 2007, 20 factors the IRS analyzes to determine whether sufficient direction and control exist to support an employer-employee relationship are set forth. Those factors are:

1. Instructions: If the person for whom the services are performed has the right to require compliance with instructions, this indicates employee status.

2. Training: Worker training (e.g., by requiring attendance at training sessions)
indicates that the person for whom services are performed wants the services performed in a particular manner (which indicates employee status).

3. Integration: Integration of the worker’s services into the business operations of the person for whom services are performed is an indication of employee status.

4. Services rendered personally: If the services are required to be performed personally, this is an indication that the person for whom services are performed is interested in the methods used to accomplish the work (which indicates employee status).

5. Hiring, supervision, and paying assistants: If the person for whom services are performed hires, supervises or pays assistants, this generally indicates employee status. However, if the worker hires and supervises others under a contract pursuant to which the worker agrees to provide material and labor and is only responsible for the result, this indicates independent contractor status.

6. Continuing relationship: A continuing relationship between the worker and the person for whom the services are performed indicates employee status.

7. Set hours of work: The establishment of set hours for the worker indicates employee status.

8. Full time required: If the worker must devote substantially full time to the business of the person for whom services are performed, this indicates employee status. An independent contractor is free to work when and for whom he or she chooses.

9. Doing work on employer’s premises: If the work is performed on the premises of the person for whom the services are performed, this indicates employee status,
especially if the work could be done elsewhere.

10. Order or sequence test: If a worker must perform services in the order or sequence set by the person for whom services are performed, that shows the worker is not free to follow his or her own pattern of work, and indicates employee status.
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